1. Biological factors: During the process of growth and development, women have different bone structures and growth rates compared to men. Women's bones are usually more slender, and the pelvic structure prepares for childbirth, which to some extent limits their height growth.
2. Hormone levels: Estrogen and androgen have different effects in the male and female bodies. Estrogen has a certain inhibitory effect on bone growth, while androgens promote bone growth and muscle development. Women have relatively high levels of estrogen in their bodies, which may be one reason why women are generally taller than men.
3. Genetics and Evolution: From a genetic perspective, height traits are largely controlled by genes. Meanwhile, in the process of evolution, women's shorter body size may help reduce the risk and difficulty of childbirth, as smaller body size makes it easier for the pelvis to pass through the birth canal, increasing the success rate of childbirth. This natural selection may to some extent affect the genetic predisposition of women's height.