The batteries of new energy vehicles exhibit diversity in appearance and types. The following are direct answers in formats 1, 2, and 3:
1. Battery shape: Cylindrical: Cylindrical batteries are a common type in new energy vehicles, such as Tesla's 18650 and 21700 batteries. They have unified manufacturing standards and processes, high battery consistency, good overall stability of the battery pack after PACK grouping, fast charging and discharging, high charging efficiency, and high output power. However, the individual capacity is relatively small, and in order to meet the electricity demand of electric vehicles, the quantity needs to be increased, which requires high requirements for BMS systems, and the space utilization rate is not as good as square batteries. Square: Square batteries are widely used, such as in Roewe ERX5, NIO, Ideal ONE and other models. Square batteries have high space utilization, large unit volume and capacity, and can achieve higher energy density. Having multiple suppliers can reduce procurement costs. But before grouping the PACK, a separate hard protective shell is required, which increases the weight of the battery pack, requires high layout of the cooling system, and has high design costs. Soft pack: Soft pack batteries use aluminum-plastic composite film as the shell material, which is commonly used in some electric vehicles under General Motors. Soft pack batteries are lightweight, have a large capacity, high theoretical energy density, and can be customized modularly. They have low requirements for placement space and location. But the material has poor self-protection, requiring a harder protective shell after PACK grouping, low manufacturing process maturity, decreased production standards and consistency, and the aluminum-plastic film shell mostly relies on imports, resulting in high costs.
2. Battery type: Ternary lithium battery: It has the advantages of high energy density, long life, and fast charging speed, but it has high cost and safety issues, such as easy thermal runaway at high temperatures. Tesla's Model S, Model X, and Model 3 models use ternary lithium batteries. Lithium iron phosphate battery: It has high safety and is not prone to thermal runaway under high temperature or overcharge conditions, but its energy density is relatively low. Other types include new battery technologies such as solid-state batteries and graphene batteries, which are still in the research and development stage and have not yet been widely commercialized.
3. Battery capacity: The battery capacity of new energy vehicles is usually between 54000 and 60000 milliampere hours, but it is more common to measure the capacity of the battery pack in kilowatt hours. The larger the capacity of the battery pack, the stronger the energy storage capacity of the car, and the relatively longer the range.